今日腊八！万事“粥”全等年来******
今天是农历十二月初八
是我国的传统节日——腊八节
腊八节后年味儿渐浓
在我国北方
有 “小孩小孩你别馋
过了腊八就是年”的童谣
过腊八就意味着拉开了过年的序幕
腊八节的由来
腊者，猎也，言田猎取禽兽以祭祀其先祖也。
——《礼记 • 月令》
冬至后三戌，腊祭百神。
——《说文》
北京师范大学社会学院教授、中国民间文艺家协会中国节日文化研究中心主任萧放介绍，腊八节的前身是古代的腊日，腊日是上古重要的年终祭祀日。
在我国古代，“腊”最初是一种祭礼。据《礼记·郊特牲》记载，腊祭是“岁十二月，合聚万物而索飨之也。”夏代称腊日为“嘉平”，商代为“清祀”，周代为“大蜡”；因在十二月举行，故称该月为腊月，举行“冬祭”的这一天便称为“腊日”。
腊日起初并没有固定时期，直到魏晋南北朝时，才固定在腊月初八这一天。自此，这一日便被人们称作“腊八”。
腊八节吃什么
喝腊八粥。在腊八节这一天，很多地方有喝腊八粥的传统。腊八粥又称“七宝五味粥”“佛粥”“大家饭”等，由大米、小米、玉米、薏米、红枣、莲子、花生、桂圆和各种豆类（如红豆、绿豆、黄豆、黑豆、芸豆等）等食材熬制而成。
据说，我国喝腊八粥的习俗，已经流传有一千多年。
据记载，腊八粥最早开始于宋代，每逢“腊八”这一天，不论是朝廷、官府、寺院，还是黎民百姓家，都要做腊八粥。
到了清朝，喝腊八粥的风俗更是盛行。“腊八”这一天，皇家食用并施散腊八粥，大街小巷人涌如潮，即便是数九寒冬日，也是热闹非凡。
如今，每到腊八节，常有寺院施粥，如杭州灵隐寺每年都给养老院馈送腊八粥，让传统节日充满了爱的温情。
泡腊八蒜。腊八蒜通常是指用醋腌制的蒜，成品颜色翠绿，口味偏酸、微辣。因多在农历十二月初八（腊月初八）进行腌制，故称“腊八蒜”。
在我国北方，泡腊八蒜也是“腊八节”的习俗之一。去除老皮后，将紫皮蒜浸入米醋，封严坛口到除夕再启封，蒜就会变得如同翡翠碧玉般通透。湛清翠绿、蒜辣醋香的腊八蒜，可以做凉菜可以配饺子，北方人的春节少不了它。
图源：摄图网
吃腊八豆腐。在腊八前后，安徽黔县家家户户都要晒制豆腐。豆腐抹上盐水后在中间挖一小洞，在太阳下晒干，民间将这种自然晒制的豆腐称作“腊八豆腐”。
“腊八豆腐”平时用草绳悬挂在通风处晾着，吃时摘取，一般可晾放三个月不变质、变味。它既可以单独吃，也可与肉类同炒、同炖。古时的徽商外出一走一年，这豆腐就是游子与家乡的信物。
图源：人民日报
腊八时节，注意防寒保暖
由于腊八一般正值“三九天”，所以民间有“腊七腊八，冻掉下巴”的说法，形容这个时间天气极冷，所以外出需注意适当添加衣物，防寒保暖。
中医认为，“头是诸阳之会”，体内阳气很容易从头部散失。所以，天气严寒之时，要注意头部保暖，以免引发感冒、头痛等疾病。
俗语说，“寒从脚下起”，冬季要注意保持鞋袜温暖干燥，并经常洗晒。睡前可用热水泡脚，并按摩脚底穴位，促进血液循环。此外，还要尽可能减少皮肤暴露，手、耳朵等容易生冻疮的部位，要注意经常按摩，出门戴上手套等。
熬制养生腊八粥“指南”
清代食疗名著《随息居饮食谱》曾将粥誉为“世间第一补人之物”。传统腊八粥延续至今，不但契合中医食疗中的“五色入五脏”的养生说法，还符合现代营养学中食物多样化标准。
熬好一锅滋补养人的腊八粥，营养专家提出了4点建议。
杂粮和白米比例1:3。这样能够保持较为平稳的餐后血糖，且豆类和部分全谷物没有黏性，合理搭配口感更好。
加水量是粮食的6倍以上。用电压力锅做粥，粮食与水的比例大概是1:10~1:6。用普通汤锅做粥，则需要添加更多水。
先泡后煮，防止变糊。杂豆种类的不同，浸泡所需时长也不同。一般来讲，豆子浸泡8~12小时，多数全谷物2~4小时为宜。认真清洗过的杂粮，浸泡的水最好不要丢掉，否则损失了不少维生素和钾等营养成分。
别煮得太黏稠。腊八粥中的糯米和大黄米之所以能产生黏稠的口感，是因为其中一种不容易消化的淀粉比例较高。脾胃虚弱的老人、孩子，或是胃动力不足的年轻人，喝腊八粥不宜太黏稠。
综合整理自：科普中国、中国食品科学技术学会、人民日报、生命时报
整理：刘雪洁 蔡琳
中新网评：处理核污水绝不是日本自家私事******
中新网北京1月19日电(蒋鲤)日本政府近日称，将于2023年春夏期间开始向海洋排放经过处理的福岛第一核电站核污水。日本罔顾国内民众及周边国家的屡屡反对，企图将核污水“一倒了之”，把一件关乎全球海洋生态环境和公众健康的事当成了自家私事。
资料图：日本福岛第一核电站。2011年，福岛核电站事故发生后，大量放射性物质泄漏到大气层和太平洋，对周围环境造成了难以逆转的伤害，数十万人被迫撤离该地区。时至今日，作为日本邻国之一的韩国仍未解除福岛海鲜禁令。
日本以核污水存储能力即将达到上限为由，在2021年4月13日，正式决定将福岛第一核电站核污水排入太平洋。过去一年多，日本政府和东京电力公司一直在持续推进核污水排海计划。
日本政府辩称，这些核污水经多核素处理系统(ALPS)处理后很安全，甚至“可以喝”，这样的表态无疑在愚弄大众。
事实上，经过处理的核污水仍含有多种放射性物质，核污水一旦排放入海就无法回收，长期来看，将会给海洋生态带来难以估量的潜在威胁，最终危害人类健康。
因此，核污水排海计划推出后，遭到日本民众强烈反对。日本《朝日新闻》2022年3月公布的问卷调查显示，福岛县、宫城县和岩手县受访的42个市町村长中，约六成反对东京电力公司福岛第一核电站核污水排放入海。日本全国渔业协会联合会也多次申明立场，反对该计划。
日本政府认为，核污水排海是最便宜、最省事的解决方案，但此举却将周边国家乃至全世界置于核污染风险中。太平洋非日本一家之海，核污水会随着洋流流动，其影响势必会跨越国界，危害周边国家乃至整个国际社会的公共福祉和利益。
《韩国经济新闻》发文称，相关研究认为，福岛核污水如果排放入海，约7个月后将到达济州等韩国海域，该国水产业和旅游业将遭受相当大的损失。
德国南极海洋机构也曾发出警告，若日本将所有核污水排入海中，不到半年，整个太平洋都将面临高度辐射威胁，包括远在大洋另一端的美国。太平洋地区人民更是对日本该计划持反对意见。
日本作为《联合国海洋法公约》缔约国，有义务保护海洋环境。然而，在核污水排海方案的正当性、核污水数据的可靠性、净化装置的有效性、环境影响的不确定性等问题上，日本未能作出科学、可信的说明。
国际原子能机构技术工作组虽已三次赴日实地考察评估，但尚未就日排海方案的安全性给出结论，并且对日本提出诸多澄清要求和整改意见。在此情况下，日本仍执意推进核污水排海工程建设，这是极不负责任的行为。
太平洋不是日本的下水道，日本必须正视各方合理关切，在与周边国家等相关利益方和国际原子能机构充分协商后，制定合理的核污水处理方案。日本也要着眼长远，若只顾眼前，执意将核污水排放入海，不仅其自身，周边国家乃至全世界都将为之买单，其后果必将会危害数代人。
Fukushima water disposal by no means Japan’s own business
By John Lee
(ECNS) -- Japan has announced it will release treated wastewater from the wrecked Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant into the Pacific Ocean this year.
Although Fukushima wastewater disposal affects global marine ecological environment protection and public health, Japan has turned a deaf ear to domestic and international opposition to dumping the contaminated water into the sea, treating the "global" matter as its own business.
The Fukushima accident in 2011 had sent large quantities of radiation into the atmosphere and the Pacific Ocean, causing irreversible damage to the surrounding environment, and hundreds of thousands of people were forced to evacuate the area. South Korea still maintains its import ban on Japanese seafood from areas affected by the Fukushima nuclear disaster.
On April 13, 2021, Japan announced it had decided to discharge contaminated radioactive wastewater in Fukushima Prefecture into the sea due to dwindling storage space, with the Japanese government and plant operator Tokyo Electric Power Company Holdings Inc. promoting the release plan over the past year.
The Japanese government argues that the water treated by an advanced liquid processing system, or ALPS, is safe and drinkable, which is undoubtedly fooling the public.
In fact, the treated wastewater still includes a variety of radioactive substances and can’t be recycled once discharged into the sea, which will pose a great threat to marine ecology and ultimately endanger human health in the long run.
Therefore, the discharge plan has been strongly opposed in Japan. According to a questionnaire conducted by The Asahi Shimbun, nearly 60 percent of mayors of 42 municipalities in Iwate, Miyagi and Fukushima prefectures oppose the discharge plan. The National Fisheries Cooperative Federation of Japan has also repeatedly stated its opposition in public.
The Japanese government believes that dumping Fukushima wastewater into the sea is the cheapest and most convenient solution, but neighboring countries and even the whole world will be at risk of nuclear pollution.
The Pacific Ocean doesn’t belong to Japan and the wastewater flow along oceanic currents will surely break boundaries and endanger public welfare and the interests of neighboring countries and even the international community.
The Korea Economic Daily reported that related research concluded that if contaminated water from Fukushima is released into the ocean, it would only take seven months for the contaminated water to reach the shores of Jeju Island, with the country's aquaculture and tourism suffering considerable losses.
According to the calculation of a German marine scientific research institute, radioactive materials will spread to most of the Pacific Ocean within half a year from the date of discharge, and the U.S. and Canada will be affected by nuclear pollution. People in the Pacific region also oppose the discharge plan.
As a participant of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, Japan has the obligation of protecting the marine environment.
However, it hasn’t offered a full and convincing explanation on issues like the legitimacy of the discharge plan, the reliability of data on the nuclear-contaminated water, the efficacy of the treatment system or the uncertainty of environmental impact.
Though the IAEA has yet to complete a comprehensive review after three investigations in Japan, the Japanese side has been pushing through the approval process for its discharge plan and even started building facilities for the discharge. It is rather irresponsible for Japan to act against public opinion at home and concerns abroad.
The Pacific Ocean is not a private Japanese sewer. The country must seriously heed the voices of the international community and make a reasonable plan for the Fukushima wastewater disposal after full consultation with stakeholders and international agencies.
If it only seeks instant interest and insists on discharging the contaminated water into the sea, not only itself, but also its neighboring countries and the entire world will pay for the decision and several generations will be forced to bear the consequence.
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